Dissatisfaction with Society Revealed in Yeats’ Stolen Child

Dissatisfaction with Society Revealed in Yeats’ Stolen Child The Stolen Child,a poem by W.B. Yeats, relates the story of a child who is lured away by fairies to a fantasy world illustrated through rich descriptions of nature and the freedom it offers. The plot of the poem becomes a metaphor for the return to innocence that the author feels is necessary in a society that is attempting to lead children away from the mysticism and innocence that characterize childhood, toward a more mundane reality as an adult. With his vivid descriptions and use of extended metaphor, Yeats is able to create a world unaffected by time, in stark contrast to the world in which we live, to illustrate his dissatisfaction with reality. In the†¦show more content†¦The island could also be symbolic of the womb, a watery environment that protected the developing child from the world. This imagery would support Yeats message that we must rekindle the innocence and abandon of our youth, which has been controlled and limited by the confines of modern society. The use of rushing water as a symbol of freedom continues in the third stanza where Yeats describes how the wandering water gushes... in pools among the rushes (28). In the final stanza, Yeats draws his most striking contrast of all to illustrate his message. He does this by following the descriptions of nature in its wildest form, of the previous stanzas, with those of the domestic atmosphere from which the child is being taken, in this stanza. Initially, Yeats established the setting of the poem in the first stanza by describing a place Where flapping herons wake / The drowsy water rats (5). This is contrasted in this stanza with images of calves on the warm hillside / Or the kettle on the hob / Or... the brown mice (45). Calves, kettles, and mice are all images that are associated with a domestic farm or a country home. Thus, this imagery is being used to portray how modern society has enslaved nature, controlling its freedom. Water rats and herons, on the other hand, are both wild and free animals that are found near water, the symbol

In America, Air Pollution Was An Insidious Problem That

In America, air pollution was an insidious problem that became so great that the government had to step in and create laws in order to regulate human activity involving pollutants. Humans generate air pollution through the combustion of fossil fuels and wood, driving a motorized vehicle, and industrial processes, such as the smelting of heavy metals. Most air pollution exists in urban areas where heavy industries prevail. The Industrial Revolution in the late twentieth century caused air pollution to greatly increase, and once citizens realized this was causing many consequences for their health, they began fighting for stricter regulations. The gradually improving air pollution problem shows that the legislation controlling†¦show more content†¦The first federal act created to halt air pollution was formed in 1955, called the Air Pollution Control Act. Since the idea of air pollution being a national environmental problem was new, this act didn’t give the govern ment the ability to actively fight it, but only to research what caused air pollution and what could slow it down or control it. Although the Air Pollution Control Act did not allow the government to step in and fight air pollution, it gave researchers a good chance to figure out what was causing the most damage. Most of the research was done on fuel emissions since factories were a large part of the American economy. This act was relatively passive and did not have any kind of active effect on the quality of the air. It was not until eight years later when the Clean Air Act of 1963 was passed that the government could take an active role in fighting and regulating air pollution. This act was one of America’s first environmental laws, and it was extremely influential. By 1990, the act would be made up of seven different titles, with each title corresponding with a type of pollution or ways to combat the pollution. When the Clean Air Act was first passed by Congress, it only contained one of the seven titles. The one title it contained was very important as it highlighted a general plan for regulating air pollution, along with more research opportunities and provisions for federal and state funding. In 1967, the AirShow MoreRelated The Acid Rain Issue Essays2140 Words   |  9 Pages Acid Rain is a serious problem with disastrous effects. Every day this problem increases. Many believe that this issue is too small to deal with, but if the acid rain problem is not met with head on, the effects on people, plants, animals, and the economy will only worsen. In the following paragraphs you will learn what acid rain is, the effects it has on human life, animals, the economy, the economic costs, and what is being done to help to stop this problem. 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LCT Free Essays

string(96) " been portrayed as a devoted husband who gave everything he could to try to help his sick wife\." Two short stories that share both similarities and differences are â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gillian and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner. The saltcellars and differences between these short stories Is evident upon close examination of point of view, symbolism and theme. Both of these stories examine the life of women who live under the thumbs of men. We will write a custom essay sample on LCT or any similar topic only for you Order Now These stories were both written during a time when women were seen as inferior to men. The stories tell about protagonists who both live a recluse lifestyle because of the men around them. The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gillian tells the story of an unnamed protagonist who suffers from some type of illness that occur after the birth of her child. Her husband, and brother are doctors and do not think there is anything wrong with her that a little rest and relaxation will not cure. He insists she isolate herself from all types of physical and mental stimulation until she is completely well again. They move Into a temporary place until she becomes well. The husband locks the protagonist In a room that resembles a Jail cell. It has yellow wallpaper ailing off the walls with indistinguishable patterns. The protagonist starts a diary. The diary passages tell the story of a woman who Is profoundly affected by the yellow wallpaper, and whose mental stability continues to decline. She eventually sees a pattern looking like bars and eventually a woman locked in the cell. The diary also reveals the desire for the woman to take the wallpaper down and free the woman she imagines is trapped, but also to free herself. Two days before the end of the stay in the temporary home the woman loses her mind completely and walks aimlessly round the room, becoming the trapped woman. A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner opens with a funeral for Emily Grievers. Emily lived an Isolated life and no one had been In her house for the past decade. Emails house was once one of utmost beauty In the town, but now was Just old. The town stopped billing Emily for taxes way back In the eighteen hundreds. The younger generation was not pleased with this previous agreement and decided to try to collect the mo ney she owed. Everyone felt sympathy for Emily when her dad died. People did not think there was anything wrong with her except that she did not ant to let go of her dad. After the death of her boyfriend, Emily rarely leaves her home. Emily ages and eventually dies in bedroom that has been unoccupied for many years. After that, the townspeople enter the room that had been closed off for four decades as far as they knew (Faulkner, 2008) â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is told from the point of view of the female character. The readers are told about her hopes, dreams, and thoughts. The reader Is taken along with her as she travels the road to Insanity. The reader Is aware of the change In her thought processes as she abandons reality In hopes of gaining freedom. The narrator Is described a sick woman who has been abandoned and denied access to the help she needs. The reader is able to feel her desperation and connect with her in a way that was not the reader and that makes it possible to empathic with the character. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written by a woman making this struggle more personal and relatable. Charlotte Perkins Gillian herself struggled with being a woman during this period. She uses her own inner anguish to help the readers understand the female character’s point of view. The reader identifies with the woman and feels Orr for her. On the other hand, in â€Å"A Rose for Emily/’ is told from the point of view of an outsider. She is a recluse who commits a terrible crime. The reader is never told Miss Emily thoughts and therefore is left to speculate about what she was thinking. They are never allowed to go deep into her insanity. She is described as â€Å"a tradition, a duty, and a care, a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town (Faulkner 548). † She seems to be a cold, hard woman who avoids any type of human contact. The harsh way Miss Emily is described may lead to hatred from some readers. The readers may also not have sympathy for her because she is described as such a cold woman. William Faulkner was aware of the feelings of society towards women, but he could not completely relate to the difficulties women faced during this time. During Faulkner life women were seen as weaker than men, and they were expected to be submissive to their husbands. As a man during this time he was unable to separate himself from the reality he was living in to write â€Å"A Rose for Emily’. He never had a man trap him, or keep him from reaching his dreams. He never had the experiences a woman had during this time. The point of view of â€Å"A Rose for Emily’ is the same way Faulkner felt towards the women in his life. He felt like an outsider to the females. He could only imagine what the females around him thought and felt. The point of view and the way the stories are told is clearly dependent on the gender of the authors. If Faulkner had been a female Miss Emily may have been more relatable than she is in a story written by a man. The reader may have been made more aware of her thoughts and feelings and even understood why she committed the crime. She may have been seen as a desperate and lonely woman who omitted the crime because she was desperate to escape the isolation. If the author of â€Å"A Yellow Wallpaper† were a man maybe John would have been portrayed as more of a hero. He may have been portrayed as a devoted husband who gave everything he could to try to help his sick wife. You read "LCT" in category "Papers" The narrator may be seen as a burden to the husband who is trying his best to help his wife. Both of these stories are about desperate, isolated women, but the point of view and the author’s perception have a huge impact on the way the women are portrayed in the stories. A common theme for â€Å"A Rose for Emily and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper is oppression. Many men during the nineteenth century had an oppressive nature toward the females in their lives. Both â€Å"A Rose for Emily’ and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† show how oppression can eventually lead to depression and without treatment damage the female protagonists. Each protagonist, the writer of the Journal in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Emily in â€Å"A Rose for Emily’ were subjected to so much isolation that they both began to become depressed. The reader is aware of the depression, but the people closest to them in the stories are completely clueless. Emily is always was crazy then†, referring to her refusal to admit the death of her father. The woman in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† says, â€Å"he does not believe I am sick! And what can one do,† when describing her husband’s lack of acknowledgement to her depression. Both of these women were left alone to face their problems. One of the main sources of their depression was the men in their lives. For Emily, it was her father who kept men from calling on her. The narrator recalls â€Å"all the young men her father had driven away. † Emily suffered so severely from this she never married, and later poisoned her boyfriend and then kept the corpse so he is unable to leave her. Emily father was described as a dominating man. The narrator explains how the town viewed things â€Å"her father a sprawled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her,† eluded to his oppressive nature. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† it was the woman’s husband, who also happened to be her doctor. Her husband locked her in a room claiming she was not sick, but did have â€Å"a slight hysterical tendency†, leaving her to hallucinate and believe she sees a woman trapped behind the ugly, tattered, yellow wallpaper. These hallucinations serve as a symbol of the oppression and her desire to escape the control of her husband. A quote in â€Å"A Rose for Emily’ is â€Å"She would have to cling to that which had robbed her, as people do,† Emily hung on to her father by refusing to acknowledge his death and also by remaining in the hose she grew up in. She later decayed from the oppression that stole her freedom. The main character in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† hung on to her husband because according to her, â€Å"it is so hard to talk with John about my case, because he is so wise, and because he loves me so†. She depends on him and also fears him too. He took her freedom away and left her mentally worn down too. These stories talk about men who still ad old-fashioned beliefs and convictions at a time when the attitudes and beliefs of the world were changing. The women suffered from the way they were treated by the men they were supposed to trust and love. The setting of â€Å"A Rose for Emily’ is a town made up by Faulkner. It takes place in Jefferson, Handicapped County, Mississippi. It takes place at the county seat of Jefferson. While Faulkner made up the actual town, it can be seen as a typical town in the south around the mid to late eighteen hundreds through the mid nineteen hundreds. This story focuses on the end of the slavery era and the confusion that ensued when that all ended. It also looks at the future generations and how they dealt with the way of life that existed before they were in charge. The setting in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† helps to illustrate the attitude. It helps to show the different elements that hint at the isolation. â€Å"It’s a fancy house, yes, but more saliently, it stands back away from the road and contains many â€Å"locks† and â€Å"separate little houses† (Perkins, 2008, p. 409). Makes one realize everything is isolated even the house. The narrator is locked too large room with many windows, but the windows are barred to keep her trapped. John also seems to refer to her like an infant saying things like she is a â€Å"blessed little goose† (Perkins, 2008, p. 410). The room she is trapped in was once a nursery too. Also, the story was written during a time when women were seen as inferior to men. The setting in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gillian is a colonial mansion that the main character sees as a good place for her to recover from her healthy again. She is not fond of the room. It used to be a nursery. The â€Å"condition† of the woman becomes worse and leads to insanity after she is confined to the room covered in ugly, tattered, yellow wallpaper. After spending countless hours and days in the room the woman becomes obsessed with the patterns on the wallpaper. She begins to imagine a woman trapped behind bars in the paper. Eventually, she slips into insanity and begins to believe she is the woman trapped behind the bars in the paper, desperate to escape. On the other hand, â€Å"A Rose for Emily’ is set during the Civil War. The story is not told in chronological order like â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gillian. The small town where the story takes place is an important part of the story. The Grievers family lived in the same small town for any generations. The townspeople did not like the Grievers family because they were snobbish. Emily was not able to escape the ideas the townspeople had about her and her family. They always saw her as a snobbish Grievers. The townspeople decided to let Emily not pay taxes after the death of her father. They wanted her to be financially secure since she was on her own now. The environment she was in did not allow for change so she had no choice but to continue to be snobbish towards the townspeople and keep to herself. William Faulkner was born into a traditional family from the South. He grew up in Oxford, Mississippi. He served in the Royal Air Force during the First World War. Most of the stories he wrote from a farm in Oxford. Faulkner characters, while made up are based on the everyday characters of historical advancement and decline of the South. Faulkner stories are based upon the historical drama that was actually happening around him in his Southern Mississippi town. It talks about the changes that were happening and the legacy left behind from older generations. He talked about how the younger people were adapting to such drastic changes in the South (â€Å"William Faulkner Biography†, 2013). Charlotte Gillian Perkins was born in the town of Hartford, New England. How to cite LCT, Papers

LCT Free Essays

string(96) " been portrayed as a devoted husband who gave everything he could to try to help his sick wife\." Two short stories that share both similarities and differences are â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gillian and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner. The saltcellars and differences between these short stories Is evident upon close examination of point of view, symbolism and theme. Both of these stories examine the life of women who live under the thumbs of men. We will write a custom essay sample on LCT or any similar topic only for you Order Now These stories were both written during a time when women were seen as inferior to men. The stories tell about protagonists who both live a recluse lifestyle because of the men around them. The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gillian tells the story of an unnamed protagonist who suffers from some type of illness that occur after the birth of her child. Her husband, and brother are doctors and do not think there is anything wrong with her that a little rest and relaxation will not cure. He insists she isolate herself from all types of physical and mental stimulation until she is completely well again. They move Into a temporary place until she becomes well. The husband locks the protagonist In a room that resembles a Jail cell. It has yellow wallpaper ailing off the walls with indistinguishable patterns. The protagonist starts a diary. The diary passages tell the story of a woman who Is profoundly affected by the yellow wallpaper, and whose mental stability continues to decline. She eventually sees a pattern looking like bars and eventually a woman locked in the cell. The diary also reveals the desire for the woman to take the wallpaper down and free the woman she imagines is trapped, but also to free herself. Two days before the end of the stay in the temporary home the woman loses her mind completely and walks aimlessly round the room, becoming the trapped woman. A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner opens with a funeral for Emily Grievers. Emily lived an Isolated life and no one had been In her house for the past decade. Emails house was once one of utmost beauty In the town, but now was Just old. The town stopped billing Emily for taxes way back In the eighteen hundreds. The younger generation was not pleased with this previous agreement and decided to try to collect the mo ney she owed. Everyone felt sympathy for Emily when her dad died. People did not think there was anything wrong with her except that she did not ant to let go of her dad. After the death of her boyfriend, Emily rarely leaves her home. Emily ages and eventually dies in bedroom that has been unoccupied for many years. After that, the townspeople enter the room that had been closed off for four decades as far as they knew (Faulkner, 2008) â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is told from the point of view of the female character. The readers are told about her hopes, dreams, and thoughts. The reader Is taken along with her as she travels the road to Insanity. The reader Is aware of the change In her thought processes as she abandons reality In hopes of gaining freedom. The narrator Is described a sick woman who has been abandoned and denied access to the help she needs. The reader is able to feel her desperation and connect with her in a way that was not the reader and that makes it possible to empathic with the character. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written by a woman making this struggle more personal and relatable. Charlotte Perkins Gillian herself struggled with being a woman during this period. She uses her own inner anguish to help the readers understand the female character’s point of view. The reader identifies with the woman and feels Orr for her. On the other hand, in â€Å"A Rose for Emily/’ is told from the point of view of an outsider. She is a recluse who commits a terrible crime. The reader is never told Miss Emily thoughts and therefore is left to speculate about what she was thinking. They are never allowed to go deep into her insanity. She is described as â€Å"a tradition, a duty, and a care, a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town (Faulkner 548). † She seems to be a cold, hard woman who avoids any type of human contact. The harsh way Miss Emily is described may lead to hatred from some readers. The readers may also not have sympathy for her because she is described as such a cold woman. William Faulkner was aware of the feelings of society towards women, but he could not completely relate to the difficulties women faced during this time. During Faulkner life women were seen as weaker than men, and they were expected to be submissive to their husbands. As a man during this time he was unable to separate himself from the reality he was living in to write â€Å"A Rose for Emily’. He never had a man trap him, or keep him from reaching his dreams. He never had the experiences a woman had during this time. The point of view of â€Å"A Rose for Emily’ is the same way Faulkner felt towards the women in his life. He felt like an outsider to the females. He could only imagine what the females around him thought and felt. The point of view and the way the stories are told is clearly dependent on the gender of the authors. If Faulkner had been a female Miss Emily may have been more relatable than she is in a story written by a man. The reader may have been made more aware of her thoughts and feelings and even understood why she committed the crime. She may have been seen as a desperate and lonely woman who omitted the crime because she was desperate to escape the isolation. If the author of â€Å"A Yellow Wallpaper† were a man maybe John would have been portrayed as more of a hero. He may have been portrayed as a devoted husband who gave everything he could to try to help his sick wife. You read "LCT" in category "Papers" The narrator may be seen as a burden to the husband who is trying his best to help his wife. Both of these stories are about desperate, isolated women, but the point of view and the author’s perception have a huge impact on the way the women are portrayed in the stories. A common theme for â€Å"A Rose for Emily and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper is oppression. Many men during the nineteenth century had an oppressive nature toward the females in their lives. Both â€Å"A Rose for Emily’ and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† show how oppression can eventually lead to depression and without treatment damage the female protagonists. Each protagonist, the writer of the Journal in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Emily in â€Å"A Rose for Emily’ were subjected to so much isolation that they both began to become depressed. The reader is aware of the depression, but the people closest to them in the stories are completely clueless. Emily is always was crazy then†, referring to her refusal to admit the death of her father. The woman in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† says, â€Å"he does not believe I am sick! And what can one do,† when describing her husband’s lack of acknowledgement to her depression. Both of these women were left alone to face their problems. One of the main sources of their depression was the men in their lives. For Emily, it was her father who kept men from calling on her. The narrator recalls â€Å"all the young men her father had driven away. † Emily suffered so severely from this she never married, and later poisoned her boyfriend and then kept the corpse so he is unable to leave her. Emily father was described as a dominating man. The narrator explains how the town viewed things â€Å"her father a sprawled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her,† eluded to his oppressive nature. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† it was the woman’s husband, who also happened to be her doctor. Her husband locked her in a room claiming she was not sick, but did have â€Å"a slight hysterical tendency†, leaving her to hallucinate and believe she sees a woman trapped behind the ugly, tattered, yellow wallpaper. These hallucinations serve as a symbol of the oppression and her desire to escape the control of her husband. A quote in â€Å"A Rose for Emily’ is â€Å"She would have to cling to that which had robbed her, as people do,† Emily hung on to her father by refusing to acknowledge his death and also by remaining in the hose she grew up in. She later decayed from the oppression that stole her freedom. The main character in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† hung on to her husband because according to her, â€Å"it is so hard to talk with John about my case, because he is so wise, and because he loves me so†. She depends on him and also fears him too. He took her freedom away and left her mentally worn down too. These stories talk about men who still ad old-fashioned beliefs and convictions at a time when the attitudes and beliefs of the world were changing. The women suffered from the way they were treated by the men they were supposed to trust and love. The setting of â€Å"A Rose for Emily’ is a town made up by Faulkner. It takes place in Jefferson, Handicapped County, Mississippi. It takes place at the county seat of Jefferson. While Faulkner made up the actual town, it can be seen as a typical town in the south around the mid to late eighteen hundreds through the mid nineteen hundreds. This story focuses on the end of the slavery era and the confusion that ensued when that all ended. It also looks at the future generations and how they dealt with the way of life that existed before they were in charge. The setting in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† helps to illustrate the attitude. It helps to show the different elements that hint at the isolation. â€Å"It’s a fancy house, yes, but more saliently, it stands back away from the road and contains many â€Å"locks† and â€Å"separate little houses† (Perkins, 2008, p. 409). Makes one realize everything is isolated even the house. The narrator is locked too large room with many windows, but the windows are barred to keep her trapped. John also seems to refer to her like an infant saying things like she is a â€Å"blessed little goose† (Perkins, 2008, p. 410). The room she is trapped in was once a nursery too. Also, the story was written during a time when women were seen as inferior to men. The setting in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gillian is a colonial mansion that the main character sees as a good place for her to recover from her healthy again. She is not fond of the room. It used to be a nursery. The â€Å"condition† of the woman becomes worse and leads to insanity after she is confined to the room covered in ugly, tattered, yellow wallpaper. After spending countless hours and days in the room the woman becomes obsessed with the patterns on the wallpaper. She begins to imagine a woman trapped behind bars in the paper. Eventually, she slips into insanity and begins to believe she is the woman trapped behind the bars in the paper, desperate to escape. On the other hand, â€Å"A Rose for Emily’ is set during the Civil War. The story is not told in chronological order like â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gillian. The small town where the story takes place is an important part of the story. The Grievers family lived in the same small town for any generations. The townspeople did not like the Grievers family because they were snobbish. Emily was not able to escape the ideas the townspeople had about her and her family. They always saw her as a snobbish Grievers. The townspeople decided to let Emily not pay taxes after the death of her father. They wanted her to be financially secure since she was on her own now. The environment she was in did not allow for change so she had no choice but to continue to be snobbish towards the townspeople and keep to herself. William Faulkner was born into a traditional family from the South. He grew up in Oxford, Mississippi. He served in the Royal Air Force during the First World War. Most of the stories he wrote from a farm in Oxford. Faulkner characters, while made up are based on the everyday characters of historical advancement and decline of the South. Faulkner stories are based upon the historical drama that was actually happening around him in his Southern Mississippi town. It talks about the changes that were happening and the legacy left behind from older generations. He talked about how the younger people were adapting to such drastic changes in the South (â€Å"William Faulkner Biography†, 2013). Charlotte Gillian Perkins was born in the town of Hartford, New England. How to cite LCT, Papers

Black Death (649 words) Essay Example For Students

Black Death (649 words) Essay Black DeathIn the 1340s, approximately one third to one half the population of Europewas wiped out by what was called The Black Death. The people of the timewere armed with little to no understanding of why and how the plague happenedand how to control it; and this allowed for the vast destruction that occurredin little more than three years time. The origin of the epidemic has, withlittle doubt, been identified as Lake Issyk-Koul in what is now a part ofRussian Central Asia. A flood, or some other natural disaster, drove variousrodents from their habitats around the lake; and with them they carried fleasinfected with the plague. A species of wild rodents normally isolated fromhumanity spread the plague to the more common black rat, which has been ridingon board ships since man first set sail. The plague then followed the traderoutes all over Europe. Ships arrived from Caffa at the port of Messina,Sicily. A few dying men clung to the oars; the rest lay dead on the decks Ships that carried the coveted goods of the fabled East now also carried death. The Pestilence had come to the shores of Europe (Wark). The accounts of theplague tell of the symptoms being ?tumors in the groin or the armpits and?black livid spots on the arm or thigh, typical symptoms of Bubonic plague. However, Bubonic plague normally takes several days to kill, and many accountstell of victims falling dead inside one day of contracting the disease. Thevariance in the cases of the Black Death are the workings of three strains ofthe plague: the plague proper; a pulmonary (air-borne) version, characterized bythe vomiting of blood; and a septicaemic variant, capable of killing in severalhours, before typical symptoms can even develop. The people the plaguethreatened knew neither the source of the disease, nor how to protect themselvesfrom it. It was said that the cause of the Pestilence or The Great Mortality 14th-century names for the contagion was a particularly sinister alignmentof the planets, or a foul wind created by recent earthquakes. Other theoriesexisted. ?Looks, according to one medieval physician, ?could kill (Wark). They believed their best recourse for avoiding the plague, was to runfrom it. When flight was not an option, they attempted to purify the air byburning aroma tic woods and powders. They remained inactive, almost vegetative,holed up in their homes; if one had to move, he ought to move slowly. Love,anger, and hot baths were to be avoided; and, based on the belief that bad droveout bad, potential victims would spend a half-hour daily crouched over a latrineto build up their resistance. Once one contracted the plague, death was only aquestion of time. Physicians stopped visiting the infirm out of fear and theobvious futility of their efforts. They claimed the plague must be punishmentfrom God, and therefore beyond their control. Priest still came to deliver thelast rights, and consequently, they died in droves. The effects of the plaguewent far beyond the obvious death toll, into the souls of men and women. ?Some people callously maintained that there was no better or more efficaciousremedy against a plague than to run away from it. Swayed by this argument, andsparing no thought for anyone but themselves, large numbers of men and womenabando ned their city, their homes, their relatives, their estates and theirbelongings, and headed for the countryside. They maintained that an infallibleway of warding off this appalling evil was to drink heavily, enjoy life to thefull, go around singing and merrymaking, gratify all of ones cravings wheneverthe opportunity offered, and shrug the whole thing off as one enormous joke.-Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron (Wark). Still, some people took adifferent view of the situation. Germany was the center for two phenomenaspawned by the plague the Flagellant movement, and a wave of anti-Semitism. TheFlagellants believed that by chastising themselves they could avert the wrath ofGod.

Pros and Cons of the Electoral College free essay sample

A) What are the pros and cons of the Electoral College? An interesting point to this discussion is that many of the â€Å"pros† are argued by some to be disadvantages, and many of the â€Å"cons† are believed to be the advantages of the system by others. It could be said that the Electoral College was created for a different time in this country, but by some degree of fortune and foresight it is one of the staples of our government today. A definite benefit of the Electoral College has been the squelching of other parties, which in turn has helped to maintain the two-party system and Congress. The minimizing of these other parties also proves beneficial since many times they would draw radical political lines that would be very divisive and could give greater power to smaller groups. Yet another advantage of the system is that it forces candidates to extend their campaigning to all states, not just the major metropolises and population centers. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of the Electoral College or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It could also be said that the Electoral College distributes the power to the states, and forces candidates to consider the concerns of more than just the lobbyists and those in political prominence. While there are some distinct advantages, there are also some negative aspects to the Electoral College. What could possibly be considered the biggest detriment to the Electoral College is that a president can be elected to office without winning the majority vote. (As George Bush proved in most recent memory. ) This is significant because it is indicative of the fact that certain states get more â€Å"votes per person† than other states. Also, in theory, the Electoral College forces candidates to spread their campaigns more equally in terms of geography. However, in reality this issue can become moot if some states are traditionally â€Å"red† or â€Å"blue†, and the focus of the campaigns then turns to the â€Å"swing states†. Additionally, the Electoral College provides the opportunity for an election to end in a tie. Many political analysts believe that we are getting closer to seeing a tie, but it hasn’t happened in a very long time. If and when a tie does happen, the choice would be then deferred to the House of Representatives. B) What are the major concerns about changing the Electoral College? There are many concerns with changing the manner in which one of the most successful governments in history elects the centerpiece to its hierarchy. The difficulty involved in amending the Constitution is one of the major issues facing the proponents of revision of the Electoral College. If the Electoral College were to be eliminated, the campaigns would focus primarily on population centers, since their dollars invested in these areas would return the most votes. It could end up resembling a rock tour, hitting the major cities where the population is most densely concentrated. It would also remove the balance in place between small and larger states, the balance that the Electoral College provides. Some also think that the elimination of the Electoral College could serve to further outline the social differences between the parties, resulting in even more specific geographical campaigning. Other issues that could arise include multiple parties and presidential candidates. My personal opinion is that there could be some reformation to the Electoral College, but it is a great system that accurately represents the United States as a whole.

Free Essays on A Sociological Approach To Religion

Religion: A Sociological Approach What is religion? â€Å"That’s easy,† I thought. Then I could not come up with an answer. For the answer I turn to my Webster’s Random House New Collegiate Dictionary only to find: â€Å"religion (ri lij’en), n. 1. A set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature and purpose of the universe, esp. when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usu. involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code for conduct of human affairs. 2. A specific fundamental set of beliefs and practices generally agreed upon by a number of persons or sects: the Christian religion. 3. The body of persons adhering to a particular set of beliefs and practices: a world council of religions. 4. The life or state of a monk, nun, etc: to enter a religion. 5. The practice of religious beliefs: ritual observance of faith. 6. Something a person believes in and follows devotedly. 7. Archaic. Strict faithfulness: devotion.† Simply stated religion is a set of beliefs, morals, or observances. Sociologists have studied religion and its effects on people. Sociologists hope to gain a better understanding of the need for religion in communities and singular lives. The functionalist perspective, the symbolic interationist perspective, and the conflict perspective can be applied to religion. Religion can be Christianity, Catholicism, Islam, Buddhism, Wicca, or Greek mythology to name a few. Emile Durkeim studied a great deal on religion. He wrote a book that identified the components of a religion. This task seems impossible in a religiously divers society. All religions separate the sacred from the profane or secular. Durkeim in, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life outlined this distinction. He also noted that people generally congregate and form a community to practice their religion. Religion is composed of a belief structure (totem), sacred practice (ceremony), and a... Free Essays on A Sociological Approach To Religion Free Essays on A Sociological Approach To Religion Religion: A Sociological Approach What is religion? â€Å"That’s easy,† I thought. Then I could not come up with an answer. For the answer I turn to my Webster’s Random House New Collegiate Dictionary only to find: â€Å"religion (ri lij’en), n. 1. A set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature and purpose of the universe, esp. when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usu. involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code for conduct of human affairs. 2. A specific fundamental set of beliefs and practices generally agreed upon by a number of persons or sects: the Christian religion. 3. The body of persons adhering to a particular set of beliefs and practices: a world council of religions. 4. The life or state of a monk, nun, etc: to enter a religion. 5. The practice of religious beliefs: ritual observance of faith. 6. Something a person believes in and follows devotedly. 7. Archaic. Strict faithfulness: devotion.† Simply stated religion is a set of beliefs, morals, or observances. Sociologists have studied religion and its effects on people. Sociologists hope to gain a better understanding of the need for religion in communities and singular lives. The functionalist perspective, the symbolic interationist perspective, and the conflict perspective can be applied to religion. Religion can be Christianity, Catholicism, Islam, Buddhism, Wicca, or Greek mythology to name a few. Emile Durkeim studied a great deal on religion. He wrote a book that identified the components of a religion. This task seems impossible in a religiously divers society. All religions separate the sacred from the profane or secular. Durkeim in, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life outlined this distinction. He also noted that people generally congregate and form a community to practice their religion. Religion is composed of a belief structure (totem), sacred practice (ceremony), and a...

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 28

Marketing - Essay Example Electronics industry is ripe to welcome the new product that would be launched very shortly, which is customised cell phone. A marketing opportunity study was made on developing a new product for the existing market of cell phones. Cell phones of popular brands have limited features. Customers are fed up of the popular brands tactics of providing new technology features in latest range where something is always left to be desired and not fulfilled by the mobile phone companies. Only customised cell phones can be the solution to satisfy the customer needs with an innovative product with dependable services can be the best available means to capture the market well in time when the idea is still new to capture the cell phone users’ attention. What is a customisable mobile phone? A customisable mobile phone is a built-to-order phone that comes with the feature of snapping the unwanted functionality or adding the functionality as per the customer demand. It could be a GSM phone to be customised or the other. The customer will decide whether the phone should be touch screen, bar, flip or smart phone; whether it has a keyboard or the customer prefers a mobile phone without a keyboard. The customised mobile phone will offer the customers the choice to select the operating system of their choice from Google Android, apple, OS X or Microsoft and others. As per the marketing research plan, customised mobile is such an opportunity that can be instrumental in offering a cost-effective mobile phone of high quality. Customers would have the freedom to choose their preferred service provider; no need to subscribe to a particular service provider. The custom-ordered mobile would be available with warranties, after-sale service and rep air (Elgan, 2008). Under the concept of integrated marketing communication (IMC), which is a holistic approach to

About the book The New Jim Crow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

About the book The New Jim Crow - Essay Example This new approach towards racial control is more dangerous as it does not rely on obvious racism, but rather resorts to a very tacit and sophisticated sort of racism. To many readers the theory enumerated by Michelle Alexander regarding the new approach towards racial control may seem more of a rhetorical propaganda, but if one considers the available facts and data, the point made by Alexander comes out to be valid and true. The assertions made by writer Michelle Alexander regarding the dynamics of race in the contemporary American society are indeed valid and do deserve a serious consideration. The apparent racism of the past has reinvented itself to appear as being more unbiased, while it systematically goes on to target the racial minorities. The claim made by Alexander that a professedly color neutral justice system is more poised to target the African Americans and the colored people, does seem valid in the light of the research conducted by varied other experts. As per Walker, Spohn and DeLone, the law enforcement and justice system in the US is more biased towards the African Americans and other racial minorities (493). Even a cursory historical perusal of the race related issues in any print publication does testify to the fact that though the criminal justice system in the US may not exactly come out as being hostile towards the racial minorities, yet, it is a fact that in some stages, the criminal justice system happens to be biased towards the racial minorities. For instance many aspects of the criminal justice system like the selection of the jury do come out as being balanced and color neutral, there are varied other stages of the criminal justice system like seeking a harsher penalty or sentence, which are mor e biased towards the African Americans and the other colored people in the US. Hence, the claim extended by Alexander that the criminal justice

Global strategic management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global strategic management - Research Paper Example rkets as centres for consumerism and innovation, improvement of productivity in the developed market, expansion of global networks, the issue of sustainability and the strengthening of role of state as a business partner (McKinsey, 2014). The purpose of this paper is to describe these forces in details to find their expected outcome on the future of the business. There may be many other forces that can shape the nature of the business and society in the future. However, this paper only limits itself to the five above mentioned forces as they are expected to create maximum impact on the business activities. Global forces have been described as external forces which creates significant which are beyond the control of the business. The global business environment is filled with examples where business enterprises have missed global trends and they have not been able to survive in the long-run. For the last ten years there has been a massive change in the consumer market. The role of the Western economies especially the U.S.A. as a dominant centre for consumerism and innovation has fallen. This has been accompanied by an equivalent rise of the emerging economies as a centre for consumerism. It has been observed that Asian countries especially India, China, Indonesia, Vietnam and Latin American countries like Brazil, Argentina and Chile have made significant progress in terms of overall GDP growth of the country and the overall level of standard of living (Vlad, et al., 2011). The per capita income of the middle-class people have increased considerably in these countries. This in turn have raised the purchasing power of the people and boosted consumerism. In an empirical research that has been done by Kharas and Gertz (2010) that in the decade of 80’s and early 90’s the high income countries of the OECD which had accounted for 80% of the global output and captured majority of the world economic growth rate. It has been estimated that by 2009 the share of the

The functional organisation of the visual system

The functional organisation of the visual system The aim of this essay is to describe the organisation of the visual system in relation to its specific functions. In order to perform essential functions, the visual system is faced with many computational problems needing to be solved in order to maintain effective visual perception. This essay aims to describe one such computational problem the visual system must solve; colour constancy. If light coming down from the sky changes colour, the perceived colour of objects should also change, however this is not the case. The nervous system is highly involved in the process of maintaining effective colour constancy and this essay aims to look into how colour constancy is achieved in the nervous system. The first part of this essay will outline the functional organisation of the visual system, focusing on the general anatomical organisation, the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), organisation of the cortex and parallel and hierarchal processing. Focus will then be on the chosen co mputational problem of colour constancy and the importance of the visual system maintaining successful constancy of colour. The next issue will be to assess how colour constancy is achieved within the human nervous system, focusing on the functional specialisation of the cortex, cone receptors and retinal involvement in attempt to understand how colour constancy is maintained in the nervous system. The visual system is part of the central nervous system and includes the eyes, connecting pathways to the visual cortex and different parts of the brain that collectively allow for sight. The visual system must convert patterns of light that fall onto the retina into perception. Initial visual processing takes place within the retina, with the preliminary aim to convert information about luminance into information about contrast (Kuffler, 1953). All in all the visual system works by the rule of relative qualities, i.e the luminance of an object in relation the luminance of its surrounds. These relative qualities and comparisons take place within the retina. The retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors (rods and cones) that absorb light and send signals to bipolar cells, which are connected to ganglion cells that send information to the LGN. The LGN has six layers; four parvo-cellular layers and two magno-cellular layers. Ventral to each of these layers is a thin kinocellular layer. Parvo-cellular cells and kinocellular cells play a role in colour vision. Therefore, initial colour vision takes place within the retina, with cone photoreceptors being specialised for colour processing. It has been found that there are three types of cone receptors within the retina which are sensitive to different wavelengths of light; short wave length light (blue light), medium wavelength light (green light) and long wavelength light (red light). Colour detection is perceived largely by the relative activation of the short, medium and long wavelength cones. The trichromatic theory of colour vision proposed by Young-Helmholtz (1800/1867) is a predominan t theory into colour perception. Cone cell receptors contain light-sensitive photo pigments which allow them to respond to light and create colour vision. Young-Helmholtz theory proposed that we have one cone type most sensitive to short wavelength light (blue), one most sensitive to medium wavelength light (yellow/green) and finally one most sensitive to long wavelength light (red). It is the relative activation of each cone type that results in the perception of colour. Another dominant theory into colour processing has come from Herings (1878) opponent processing theory. Hering argued that there are three types of opponent processes within the visual system that account for colour perception. One opponent process results in the perception of red at one extreme and green at the other extreme. Another type results in perception of yellow at one extreme and blue at the other. The final opponent process results in perception of black at one extreme and white at the other. Hering argu ed that it is the ratio of activation along these opponent processes that accounts for colour perception. Opponent cells have been found within the LGN, which provides functional evidence for the involvement of the LGN in colour vision. There are red/green colour coded cells and yellow/blue colour coded cells within the LGN which are essential for colour processing and colour constancy. However in essence the function of the LGN is to pass signals from the retina to the cortex rather than to process them. Another important functional part of the visual system is the visual cortex, which contains cells that respond to wavelengths coming from an object in relation or comparison to wavelengths coming from surrounding objects. This comparison is essential in the analysis of colour. The visual cortex contains many layers of cells, with colour, form, movement and disparity being dealt with by separate groups of cells. It is divided into sub-layers; IVA, IVB, IVCÃŽÂ ± and IVCÃŽÂ ². Cells in the parvo-cellular layers of the LGN, dealing with colour, project to layers IVCÃŽÂ ² and IVA, thus showing the functional organisation of the cortex. In the secondary visual cortex (V2), cells dealing with colour, form and disparity are also kept separate. V2 processes properties such as colour and brightness. V4 deals particularly with colour and form. The visual cortex is organised into a columnar form. The similar properties of the cells within the cortical column are most likely due to the arrangement of anatomical connections. There have been found to be columns dominant for colour and orientation of edges. According to Zeki (1977) within area V4 there are separate columns for red, green and blue perception. Thus showing the visual cortex is organised on the basis of functions. One factor that has been made clear is that different features of a visual stimulus are dealt with in parallel processes within the visual system. The features of colour are kept separate through at least three levels of processing; V1, V2 and V4. However it has been found that within these parallel processes, hierarchal processing occurs. Dew (1984), has provided clear evidence for a hierarchy of cells types within the colour system. Photoreceptors join onto opponent colour cells which respond to some wavelengths and not to others. The visual system is functionally organised to overcome many computational problems, one of which is colour constancy. Colour constancy is a tendency for a surface or object to appear to have the same colour when there is a change in wavelength contained in the illuminant. (Eysenk, 5th edition). The phenomenon of colour constancy indicates that colour vision does not depend only on the wave length of reflected light. The problem involved in colour constancy is to assign colour to a scene in the ambient light (spectral reflectance) (Maloney, 1985). Spectral reflectance is the percentage of light at each wavelength a specific surface reflects. As the illuminant power varies, the light reaching the eye also varies. However the percentage of light a surface reflects (due to its physical properties) does not change. The function of colour constancy is to discount the illuminant and recover information about surface spectral reflectance. Marr (1982) claimed that there must be an extra leve l of perception and processing. Light is reflected off objects with a fixed percentage of energy at each wavelength (surface spectral reflectance) and some of it enters the eye of the observer where is it selectively absorbed by cone receptors. The maintenance of colour constancy is achieved in the nervous system in various ways. The functional specialisation of the cortex is one way in which colour constancy is achieved. Zeki (1992, 1993) argued that different parts of the cortex have different and specialised functions. V1 and V2 have been found to have inputs in early stages of visual perception. Both cortical areas contain specialised cells responsive to colour and form which process these properties and relay signals to specialised visual areas, (Zeki, 1992, p47). V3 and V3A have been found to be responsive to form and shape but have no input in colour processing. V4 however has been found to be responsive to colour and combines connections from temporal and parietal cortex, (Baizer, Underleider and Desimone, 1991). Zekis critical assumption was that colour and motion are processed in anatomically distinct parts of the visual cortex. Lueck et al (1989) have provided supporting experimental evidence of the anatomically distinct processing of colour. They presented coloured or grey squares to observers. PET scans showed 13% more blood flow within area V4 when presented with coloured stimuli, other areas were found to be unaffected. On the other hand Wade, Bewer, Rieger and Wandell (2002) used FMRI and found areas V1 and V2 were also actively involved in colour perception. Zeki (1983) has provided evidence for the involvement of V4 in promoting colour constancy. Zeki found that within monkeys, certain cells in area V4 responded strongly to a red patch in a multicoloured display illuminated predominantly by red light. These cells did not respond when the red patch was replaced by green, white or blue patches, even though the dominant reflected wavelength was red. Therefore these cells respond to the actual colour rather than the wavelength reflected from it and has a role in the process of colour constancy. Lesions in area V4 have been found to impair colour constancy while other aspects of colour vi sion are unaffected, (Heywood and Cowey 1999). The cortical area of V4 has argued to be able to distinguish differences between surface colour and colour of the illuminant thus being important in achieving colour constancy. Land (1977) retinex theory argues that both the retina and the cortex are involved in visual processing. The basic assumption of this theory is that we decide the colour of a surface by comparing its ability to reflect short, medium and long wavelengths against adjacent surfaces. When comparisons cannot be made, colour constancy does not occur. The three types of photoreceptors in the retina absorb light; each level of activation within each cone receptor is compared to that of others. Kraft and Brainard (1999) conducted a visual experiment in a box which included a tube wrapped in tin foil, a pyramid and a cube as well as a Mondrian stimulus. When all objects were visible, colour constancy was high (83%), even with changes in illumination. Progressively removing the cues decreased colour constancy. The most important factor in maintaining colour constancy was local contrast, involving the comparison of retinal cone responses from the target surface with that of the immediate backgro und. Colour constancy dropped to 53% when local contrast information was not available. Also global contrast was important; the retinal cone responses from the target surface are compared to the cone responses of the whole visual scene. When observers could not use global contrast colour constancy dropped from 53% to 39%. This therefore indicates that we need to know about lots of different stimuli in the visual scene if we are to calculate what the illuminant is like, discount it and achieve colour constancy. Photoreceptors have therefore been shown to be heavily involved in colour constancy which provides evidence for the involvement of the nervous system. Young-Helmholtz (1800/1867) trichromatic theory of colour vision and Herings (1878) opponent process theory outlined previously in this essay provide evidence that photoreceptor cone cells within the retina are heavily involved in colour perception and constancy. Shepard (1990) stated that the trichromacy of human colour vision is a reflection of the three phases of natural light/illumination; light-dark light, red-green light (low sun) and yellow-blue light (poor illumination and sky light). To achieve colour constancy on the basis of their surface reflectances, the visual system must discount perceptually for the three types of variation in illumination. Shepard (1990) and Maloney and Wandell (1986) argued that trichromacy of the visual system allows for colour constancy. In conclusion it has been shown that the visual system is highly organised on a functional basis. The visual system is faced with many computational problems which it must solve. Evidence that functional specialisation of cortical areas, cone receptors and the retina are methods for which the nervous system uses to overcome the problem of colour constancy. Word Count: 1992. Baizer, Ungerkeider and Desimone, (1991). In Eysenck M. And Keane M (5th edition). Cognitive Psychology, (pp.38). Psychology Press. Carlson, (7th edition). Physiology of Behaviour. pp184-186. Pearson Education Company. Daw, (1984). The psychology and physiology of colour vision. Trends in Neurosciences. Pp 330-336. E. Thompson (first edition). Colour Vision. A study in Cognitive Science and the Philosophy of Perception. (pp80-105). New York: Routledge Eysenck M. Keane M (2005). Cognitive Psychology, 5th edition p.33-54. Psychology Press. Eysenck M. And Keane M. Cognitive Psychology, 5th edition p.49. Psychology Press. Gross, R, (2005) Psychology the science of mind and behaviour, (5th edition) p.89-91.Hodder Arnold. Hering (1878). In Eysenck M. And Keane M (5th edition). Cognitive Psychology. pp 50. Psychology Press. Hering (1878). In Gross, R, Psychology the science of mind and behaviour, 5th edition p.89 Heywood and Cowey, (1999). In Eysenck M. And Keane M (5th edition). Cognitive Psychology, pp.53. Psychology Press. Kraft and Brainard, (1999). In Eysenck M. And Keane M (5th edition). Cognitive Psychology, (pp.53). Psychology Press. Kuffler, S. W. (1953). Discharge patterns and functional organisation of mammalian retina. Journal of Neuropsychology, 16, pp37-68. Land (1977). In Thompson. E, (first edition). Colour Vision. A study in Cognitive Science and the Philosophy of Perception. (pp81-90). New York: Routledge. Land, (1977, 1982). In E. Thompson (first edition). Colour Vision. A study in Cognitive Science and the Philosophy of Perception. (pp81-86). New York: Routledge. Land (1977). In Eysenck M. And Keane M (5th edition). Cognitive Psychology, (pp.52-53). Psychology Press. Luek et al. (1989). In Eysenck M. And Keane M (5th edition). Cognitive Psychology, (pp 39). Psychology Press. Maloney, (1985). In E. Thompson (first edition). Colour Vision. A study in Cognitive Science and the Philosophy of Perception. pp43. New York: Routledge. Maloney, (1985). In Thompson. E, (first edition). Colour Vision. A study in Cognitive Science and the Philosophy of Perception. pp81. New York: Routledge. Maloney and Wandell (1986), In Thompson. E, (first edition). Colour Vision. A study in Cognitive Science and the Philosophy of Perception. pp194-195. New York: Routledge. Marr, (1982). In E. Thompson (first edition). Colour Vision. A study in Cognitive Science and the Philosophy of Perception. (pp42) New York: Routledge. Shepard, (1990). In Thompson. E, (first edition). Colour Vision. A study in Cognitive Science and the Philosophy of Perception. (pp190-195). New York: Routledge. Snowden, Thompson and Troscianko, (2006). Basic Vision, an introduction to visual perception. (pp159-163). Oxford: University Press. Wade, Brewer, Rieger and Wandell, (2002). In Eysenck M. And Keane M (5th edition). Cognitive Psychology, (pp 39). Psychology Press. West, G. (1979). Colour Perception and Limits of Colour Constancy. Journal of Mathematical Biology. 8, 47-53. Young-Helmholtz (1800/1867). In Gross, R, (2005). Psychology the science of mind and behaviour, 5th edition p.90. Hodder Arnold. Zeki (1992, 1993). In Eysenck M. And Keane M (5th edition). Cognitive Psychology, pp.37-42. Psychology Press. Zeki (1983). In Eysenck M. And Keane M (5th edition). Cognitive Psychology, pp.53. Psychology Press. Zeki, (1977). Colour Coding in the Superior temporal sulcus of the rhesus monkey visual cortex. Proceeding of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences. Pp195-223.

unfinished Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of the twentieth century, a massive wave of immigrants from the southern and eastern parts of Europe came to America in search of economic opportunities. They carried to America all the dreams and hopes of wealth. When finally reaching America, these naive immigrants faced a new struggle and learned the harsh reality of America. In Upton Sinclair’s novel, The Jungle, he describes the life of an immigrant family from Lithuania that venture off to America in search of a better life. After their arrival and stay, they struggle to keep alive and barely meek their way through life. Sinclair’s style of describing the characters, conflicts, and ideas illustrates the struggle and heartache of immigrants’ life in the early 1900’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sinclair’s style of imagery, diction, and tone helps create the atmosphere needed for the reader to imagine the events taken place. In the beginning, Sinclair uses a flash-forward. This scene, a wedding, gave the reader the impression of hope, life, and dreams. Behind this joyful celebration, the author implements worries and depression. Although this should be a celebration, the reader sees the bride crying, hears the throbbing tunes of a melancholy song, smells the stench of alcohol upon everyone’s lips, and feel the urgency of each individual to get home, rest, and begin a new day at work. â€Å"Most fearful they are to comtemplate, the expenses of this entertainment†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (12). The only... unfinished Essay -- essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of the twentieth century, a massive wave of immigrants from the southern and eastern parts of Europe came to America in search of economic opportunities. They carried to America all the dreams and hopes of wealth. When finally reaching America, these naive immigrants faced a new struggle and learned the harsh reality of America. In Upton Sinclair’s novel, The Jungle, he describes the life of an immigrant family from Lithuania that venture off to America in search of a better life. After their arrival and stay, they struggle to keep alive and barely meek their way through life. Sinclair’s style of describing the characters, conflicts, and ideas illustrates the struggle and heartache of immigrants’ life in the early 1900’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sinclair’s style of imagery, diction, and tone helps create the atmosphere needed for the reader to imagine the events taken place. In the beginning, Sinclair uses a flash-forward. This scene, a wedding, gave the reader the impression of hope, life, and dreams. Behind this joyful celebration, the author implements worries and depression. Although this should be a celebration, the reader sees the bride crying, hears the throbbing tunes of a melancholy song, smells the stench of alcohol upon everyone’s lips, and feel the urgency of each individual to get home, rest, and begin a new day at work. â€Å"Most fearful they are to comtemplate, the expenses of this entertainment†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (12). The only...

Law for Non Lawyer Essay

As for one action, no matter it is legal or not is not only matches the law clauses, but also complies with the legal principle. Legal principle plays a vital role in the society. In the situation that the existing law would not have the ability to solve the new problems happened in the society, the legal principle can play a part in solving the problem. As for these situations that there are no explicit legal rules to solve the issue, the legal principle would take it. As for the relationship of the agent, the agent can represent the principal to do some things. Even if the contract is formed by the agent and the third party, the principal should take the responsibility finally. Body The Lawï ¼Å' unlike other rules, it is a symbol of authority and power. It relies on the compelling force of the state by different means of punishment. The law can be taking into many different forms, such as public law and private law, civil law and criminal law, common law and statute law, and so on. Public Law regulates the relations between citizens, companies and private associations on the one hand and the state on the other. Generally speaking, public law consists of Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Criminal Law. Private law regulates the relations between citizens, companies and private associations, such as tort law, contract law, land law, commercial law, and so on. Therefore, the law would play a role of guidance to people. For example, according to the criminal law, we can know what we can do and what we can not do. Under the press of the law, based on the fear of the punishment, we can prevent ourselves from committing a crime. Taking contract law for another example, the parties of the contract should bear the responsibility ruled in the contract. The unconstrained agreement is the basic element to a contract. Every party of the contract should comply with the quest ruled by the contract law. As for the application of common law, the judges should follow the previous decisions made in the process of the development of the law through doctrine of precedent. On the contrary, statute law is the laws made by the parliament. As for the use of the law in daily life, legal principle is one of the most important parts. At some situations, the application of the legal principle is more important than the legal clauses themselves. Due to the rapid development of the society and the economy, the evolution of the law can not keep up with the pace of the society and economy. In a result, in some cases, the existing law would not have the ability to solve the new problems happened in the society. So, as for these situations that there are no explicit legal rules to solve the issue, the legal principle is playing a vital role. According to the opinion of Leslie Green, another reason for the use of the legal principle is that law may be beneficial, but only in some contexts and always at a price, at the risk of grave injustice.[1] In general, the legal principle is formed in the process of the development of the law, experiencing a long history. It is always absorb the beneficial historical sources and develop into a useful material to match the need of the modern society for the law. It also develops to apply from an area to another area.[2] There are many legal principles can be used in our daily life. Such as the principle that everyone is equal before the law, signing a contract freely, protecting the public order and good morals, and so on. In the case of the background, although the action asking the friends to attend the party is match the rule of the law of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, Derek violates the legal principle of protecting the public order and good morals. As a result, Derek should take some responsibility in the civil law. In the case, Ray, the Manager of a builder’s merchants, asks Derek, a Sales Assistant at the same workplace, to keep an eye on his 5-acre smallholding while he is on holiday in Spain. Derek emails a few of his friends to attend his 21st birthday party in a disused barn on Ray’s farm land. Due to a technical error, the email was sent to his entire email address book. Over 600 people arrive at the party and a neighbor farmer calls the police complaining about the noise. Derek is arrested for breach of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties Act 2010. For the Act, it applies to a gathering of more than a hundred people on land for a social purpose in which it is likely that alcohol will be consumed. It is a criminal offence to organize such a gathering without the permission of a local magistrate unless the organizer is an exempt person. (James B. Crippin, Jerry Ahern. Peter Squires. 2011) For the birthday party, it gathers over 600 people, it is up to the mustard of rally, that is, (1) particular majority participate; (2) participants have a more consistent motivation and purpose; (3) in the course, it has the serious violations, damage to public order, harm public safety or others. So, it needs to receive the permission of a local magistrate, otherwise, it will violate the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties Act 2010. From the case of the background, we can see Derek and Ray form an oral contract and an agent relationship. In general, a contract is formed at the basic of the mutual assent between the parties.[3] According to the view of Miguel Pickard, the relationship formed among the people is aim at the interests of the parties.[4] The agent relationship formed between Derek and Ray is a typical example. In the stage of the leave of Ray, Derek, as the agent of Ray, would gain some rights as well as some responsibilities. Agent is formed by two parties: the agent, the principal. In the sense of the law, the relationship of agent has three parties: agent, principal and the third party. An agent is the one who is empowered to represent the principal to do some things, either implied or expressly. In the real life, although the contract is signed by the agent and the third party, in fact, the legal relation is created between the principal and the third party. An agency is formed either by express agreement or by implied agreement. In general, the relationship of agent formed by implied agreement is shaped in some necessary or emergent situations or shaped by custom. Such as a person entrusts with others’ property, need to preserve immediately, impossible or extraordinarily difficult to communicate with the principal. Once two people create the agent relationship and publish to public by words or other forms, this means that the third party has the evidence t believe their agent relationship. The agent and the principal can not deny the relationship casually. If the third party believes one person who is actually no authority to represent the principal is the agent of the principal and do some trade or sign an agreement with this person, the principal can ratify the authority afterwards. But there are some limiting conditions for the ratification: the principal who should have the contractual capacity must be informed of all the fac ts of the agency and ratify the authority during a reasonable time; the ratification must be of the entire contract and can be inferred. As long as the authority is ratified, the relation formed between the agent and the third party is binding to the principal.[5]As for the agent relationship, all of the parties should take their own responsibility and enjoy the right. The agent should follow the principal’s instructions. The agent can not make profits in the name of the principal for himself secretly. In general, the right of the agent to represent the principal is limited. If the agent makes profits secretly making use of the benefit of the principal, it is illegal.[6] In order to serve for the principal, the agent would ask for remuneration from the principal. The agent has right to ask for indemnity and reimbursement from the principal as long as injured or hurt during the stage of agency. Once the principal tries to avoid the liability, the agent enjoys the right of lien. The principal should make explicit authority to the agent and give relevant reward to the agent. If the agent does not represent the principal as the follow of the principal, the principal can use some remedies, such as refuse to pay the agent, sue for damage, ask the agent to recover the thing as before. The most important legal effect of the agent relationship is that the principal should take the responsibility of the acts of the agent. In the case of the background, the action of the agent of purchasing the apartment is binding to the principal. The principal should take the responsibility for the agent action. The trade made by the agent and the third party is binding to the principal.[7] In general, the principal is not always disclosing. As for the disclosed principal, the principal is bound by any contract unless the following situations: the agent exceeds their authority, the agent agrees to be liable and the principal is non existent. With respect to the undisclosed principal, the third party can choose one or more to take the liability, while the principal can sue unless the identity of the party is essential to the contract. The agent relationship can be terminated for many reasons. The agent and the principal can make an agreement to end the relationship. The relationship also can be ended by other legal reasons, such as the death of one of the agent or the principal, time is expiring, and so on. In the case of the background, Derek, as the agent of Ray, gets some rights authorized by Ray. Derek can use the smallholding in reasonable means. Although Derek does not need to take the Criminal responsibility, he should bear the civil liability for his action which affects the normal life of the neighborhood around the smallholding. But, according the law about the agent, the principal Ray would be the first defendant. After Ray bears the responsibility for the action of Derek, Ray can ask for Derek to undertake the liability for his action. According to the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, this Act applies to a gathering of more than a hundred people on land for a social purpose. But it is a criminal offence to organize a gathering if there is without the permission of a local magistrate unless the organizer is an exempt person. In the act, the exempt person means the occupier, any member of his family or his employee or agent of his. In the case of the background, Ray asks Derek to keep an eye on his 5-acre smallholding while he is on holiday in Spain. According to the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, as the agent of Ray during his holiday in Spain, Derek in entitled to use the smallholding for some purpose. In order to celebrate the twenty-first birthday, Derek asks his friend to attend the party is match the provisions of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010. Even if Derek does not gain the permission of a local magistrate, he also has the right to hold the party at the reason that he is an exempt person. The reason why Derek is an exempt person is that Derek becomes the agent of Ray in the period of Ray’s leave due to the agreement of both parties. However, even if the action of Derek to ask his friends to attend the party is comply with the quest of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, Conclusion In general, on action can infringe several laws. At the same time, one action is punished either it does not comply with the provision of the law or it does not match the legal principle. At some situations, legal principle plays a vital role in the society. In the situation that the existing law would not have the ability to solve the new problems happened in the society, the legal principle can play a part in solving the problem. As for these situations that there are no explicit legal rules to solve the issue, the legal principle would take it. As for the relationship of the agent, the agent can represent the principal to do some things. Even if the contract is formed by the agent and the third party, the principal should take the responsibility finally. Just as the case in the background, Derek should take the responsibility for his action. Reference ï ¼â€  Bibliography [1] Bolton Partners v Lambert (1889) 41 Ch D 295 [2] Christina Maria Vogerl, â€Å"Unfair Terms in Standard Form Contracts†, European Master Program in Law & Economics. [3] Leslie Green, â€Å"the concept of law revisited†, Michigan Law Review, vol.94; 1687 [4] Lloyd & Grace, Smith & Co [1912] AC 716 [5] Lunghi v Sinclair [1966] WAR 172 [6] Miguel, P 2007,‘reflections on relationships: the nature of partnership according to five NGOs in southern Mexico’, Development in Practice, volume 17, numbers 4-5 [7] P. J. du Plessis, â€Å"The Creation of Legal Principle†, Roman Legal Tradition, 4 (2008), 46–69, ISSN 1943-6483 [8] James B. Crippin, Jerry Ahern. Peter Squires. (2011). â€Å"First Response to Bombing Incidents and Weapons of Mass Destruction†. Chemical Rubber Company Press. [9] Aled Griffiths, â€Å"How are statutes interpreted?†, page617, Law for Non-Lawyers, Second Edition, ISBN 978-0-85776-696-0 ———————– [1] Leslie Green, â€Å"the concept of law revisited†, Michigan Law Review, vol.94;1687 [2] P. J. du Plessis, â€Å"The Creation of Legal Principle†, Roman Legal Tradition, 4 (2008), 46–69, ISSN 1943-6483 [3] Christina Maria Vogerl,â€Å"-$%01234;@EFLRWX_hiwxyÃ… ½Ãƒ µÃƒ ¬Ãƒ  Ãƒ ¬Ãƒ µÃƒ ¬Ãƒ µÃƒâ€Ãƒ ¬Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¬Ã‚ ³Ã‚ §Ã…“? ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ³{ ³m ³aTD ³h–’à ¬hà a «5?CJ aJ mHh ´Chà a «5?CJ aJ h–’à ¬hà a «5?CJ aJ o([pic]hßshà a «5?CJ aJ hà a «5?CJ aJ Unfair Terms in Standard Form Contracts†, European Master Program in Law & Economics. [4] Miguel, P 2007,â€Å"reflections on relationships: the nature of partnership according to five NGOs in southern Mexico†, Development in Practice, volume 17, numbers 4-5 [5] Bolton Partners v Lambert (1889) 41 Ch D 295 [6] Lunghi v Sinclair [1966] WAR 172 [7] Lloyd & Grace, Smith & Co [1912] AC 716

Luis Alvarez - A Profile of the Famous Scientist

Luis Alvarez - A Profile of the Famous Scientist Name: Luis Alvarez Born/Died: 1911-1988 Nationality: American (with antecedents in Spain and Cuba) About Luis Alvarez Luis Alvarez is a good example of how an amateur can have a profound impact on the world of paleontology. We put the word amateur is in quotation marks because, before he turned his attention to the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, Alvarez was a highly accomplished physicist (in fact, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968 for his discovery of the resonance states of fundamental particles). He was also a lifelong inventor, and was responsible for (among other things) the Synchrotron, one of the first particle accelerators used to probe the ultimate constituents of matter. Alvarez was also involved in the later stages of the Manhattan Project, which yielded the nuclear bombs dropped on Japan at the end of World War II. In paleontology circles, though, Alvarez is best known for his late 1970s investigation (conducted with his geologist son, Walter) into the K/T Extinction, the then-mysterious event 65 million years ago that killed the dinosaurs, as well as their pterosaur and marine reptile cousins.  Alvarezs working  theory, inspired by his discovery  of a clay boundary in Italy separating geologic strata from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras, was that the impact of a large comet or meteor threw up billions of tons of dust, which circled around the globe, blotted out the sun, and caused global temperatures to plunge and  the earth’s vegetation to wither, with the result that first plant-eating and then meat-eating dinosaurs starved and froze to death. Alvarezs theory, published in 1980,  was treated with intense skepticism for a full decade, but was finally accepted by the majority of scientists after scattered iridium deposits in the vicinity of the Chicxulub meteor crater (in present-day Mexico) could be traced to the impact of a large interstellar object. (The  rare element iridium is more common deeper in the earth than on the surface, and could only have been scattered in the patterns detected  by a tremendous astronomical impact.)   Still, the widespread acceptance of this theory  hasnt prevented scientists from pointing to ancillary causes for the extinction of the dinosaurs, the most likely candidate being the volcanic eruptions triggered when the Indian subcontinent slammed into the underside of Asia at the end of the Cretaceous period.

Metaphor, Metonymy and Vioce Essays

Metaphor, Metonymy and Vioce Essays Metaphor, Metonymy and Vioce Paper Metaphor, Metonymy and Vioce Paper Barbara Johnson’s critique focuses on the metaphoric, metonymic and voice in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston. It focuses on the major character, Janie Crawford’s inner and outer change towards her various relationships. She focuses on the strengths, both vocally and physically, gained after her first slap down by her second husband, Joe Starks. Barbara Johnson focuses on the metaphoric meaning of this transformation which was defined as the substitution based on the resemblance or analogy and then she goes on to the metonymic meaning which she defines as the basis of a relation or association other than that similarity. Paul De Man, a deconstructionist literary critic and theorist, provides a brief summary stating the preference for the metaphor over metonymy by aligning analogy with necessity and contiguity with chance. According to him, â€Å"’the element of truth’ is the product of a purely rhetorical and ultimately metonymical, sleight of hand, therefore over turning the traditional hierarchy and deconstructing the very basis for the seductiveness and privilege of metaphor. † Barbara Johnson pays keen and strict attention to a specific passage in her critique and she also focuses on its figurative structure. She speaks on Janie’s crucial turning point in relation to Joe and herself. She begins to speak out, defending herself, gaining a â€Å"voice† for her inner self. These scenes put Janie to think about the inside state of her marriage. Janie was not about to be completely submissive to Joe without her voice being heard. Gradually, Janie â€Å"pressed her teeth together† and learnt to hush and the spirit of a happy ending marriage left the bedroom and moved to the parlor. Johnson stated that â€Å"the bed was no longer a daisy-field for her and Joe to play in but it was now transformed into a place where she went and laid down when she was sleepy and tired. † The relationship had suddenly adapted a change as Janie gained a â€Å"voice†. It took a shattered image of Joe, as stated by Johnson, for Janie to see that it was never the flesh and blood figure of her dream. Just something she had grabbed up to drape her dreams over. According to the critique, â€Å"she had no more blossomy openings dusting pollen over her man, neither any glistening young fruit where petals used to be. She found that she had a host of thoughts she never expressed to him and numerous emotions she had let Joe know about†¦. an outside now and suddenly she knew not to mix them†(taken from page 48 of the critique). Barbara views the paragraph as an externalization of Janie’s feelings onto the outer surroundings in the form of a narrative of movement from private to public space. While the whole of the figure relates metaphorically, analogically, to the marital situation it is designed to express, it reveals the marriage space to be metonymical, a movement through a series of contiguous rooms. It is a narrative not of union but of separation centered on an image not of conjugality but of virginity. In Janie, there was still a search for her â€Å"voice†. When she realizes that the inner and outer are never the same, she paradoxically begins to speak. Janie’s acquisition of the power to speak allows the reader to sympathize or relate with Janie as she develops her voice and acquires strength to defend her opinions. It must be remembered that the maintenance of sides, metaphor and metonymy (inside and outside), is the very possibility of speaking at all. The reduction of a course to oneness, identity as it relates to Janie, the reduction of woman to mayor’s wife, has as its necessary consequence aphasia, silence, the loss of the ability to speak. Stretching far beyond Janie’s new wholeness or identity as a character, her increasing ability to speak grows out of her ability not to mix inside with outside, not to pretend that there is no differenc3, but simply to assume and articulate the incompatible forces involved in her own division. The sign of an authentic voice is this not self-identity but self-difference. Barbara Johnson speaks of how the women’s voices have attained inferiority as it relates to the situation of Janie’s acquisition of her inner and outer voice. Her opinionated statements were shut down by Joe. Johnson then mentions Auerbach’s urge to unify and simplify is an urge to re-subsume female difference under the category of the universal, which has always been obscurely male. The random, trivial and marginal will simply be added to the list of things all men have in common. Auerbach’s then calls for unification and simplification in the province of the white. If the woman’s voice must be incorporate and articulate division and self-difference, so too has Afro-American literature always had to assume its double-voicedness. Johnson concludes her critique with a brief synopsis of Zora Neale Hurston’s main imitative into writing Their Eyes Were Watching God. She explains that according to her, â€Å"there is no message, no theme, no thought; the full range of questions and experiences of Janie’s life are invisible to a mind steeped in maleness as Ellison’s Invisible Man is to minds steeped in whiteness. Barbara Johnson, Metaphor, Metonymy and Voice in Their Eyes Were Watching God

Briefly Define and describe the impact of utopian socialism on first Essay

Briefly Define and describe the impact of utopian socialism on first wave feminism - Essay Example Utopian socialism can be defined as one version of socialism that is based on pragmatic principles as opposed to such abstract ones as equal political rights, which its proponents saw as â€Å"selfishly individualist†. The other aspect in which utopian socialists were different was in their perspective on some of the most important intellectual developments of the nineteenth century. For example, the basic tenets of utopian socialism were inconsistent with liberal ideologies. The essential difference between utopian socialism and the prevalent versions of socialism is noted thus by author LeGates, â€Å"that liberalism generated the idea of feminism while the Industrial Revolution, by taking work out of the home and giving middle-class women leisure, created the opportunity to put the idea into action†¦The liberal emphasis on individualism and equality that justified the American and French Revolutions in the late eighteenth century inspired women to apply the language of ‘the rights of man’ to themselves† (LeGates, p.154). When Karl Marx produced his historical analyses on political economies, the idea of socialism created excitement among the intellectuals of the day. A small section of them expected too much from the fledgling politico-economic alternative proposed by Marx. Nevertheless, it did have a significant effect on the first wave feminist movement, not least because of the underlying similarities between them. For instance, utopian socialism inspires the oppressed masses to struggle and undergo sacrifices in order to achieve a better standard of living for themselves, which is also adopted into the agenda by first wave feminists. Utopian socialism strives to give a lucid interpretation of socialism and also attempted to demonstrate how socialist principles could be implemented without excluding or exploiting any section of the

Answer the question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 31

Answer the question - Essay Example Although I never bothered on this fact, the chapter has created a new perspective on racial superiority as exhibited in the American community. The purported superiority of the Whites is amplified in every way possible regardless of the social or cognitive impact it has o the minority groups (DeMarrais, & LeCompte,  1999). The racial diversity and inequality is socially constructed from a young age with an aim of propagating the traditional concept of White superiority and advantages. Notably, the lack of choice for the Black girls teaches them that they have no right of choice but to accept what the society offers (DeMarrais, & LeCompte,  1999). Accordingly, the same result replicate in education and the labor market as the Black females receive poor pay and work in poor conditions regardless of the academic performance. Therefore, the provision of only one type of toy for the Black girls is a mental colonization to continue racial prejudice and

The Office Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Office - Movie Review Example The Office is a documentary on the day-to-day undertakings of the employees the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of a fictitious firm Dunder-Mifflin Paper Company. The show is presented as a humorous look at the different issues and foolishness that happens in the workplace. The branch is run by the single, middle-aged and boastful Regional Director Michael Scott who also serves as the host in the documentary. With his huge passion for business, Scott sees himself as the "office funnyman, a fountain of business wisdom and his employees' cool friend" (About the Office 4). However, his painstaking effort to be liked by his colleagues is in vain as he only appears pathetic and absurd. Other notable main characters are: Pam Beesly, the office receptionist; Jim Halpert, a sales representative; Dwight Schrute, the assistant to the regional manager; and Ryan Howard, a temporary employee. Economically speaking, opportunity cost is defined as "the cost of something in terms of an opportunity forgone or the most valuable forgone alternative" (Opportunity Costs 1). In The Office it is apparent that Jim Halpert foregoes the opportunity of securing better working alternatives when he continued working for Dunder-Mifflin Paper Company. The economic hegemony of the United States is currently being tain... It is estimated that the budget allocated to the war reaches $1 trillion which could have been used to finance economic and social projects such as livelihood, housing, and education. Thus, the opportunity cost of going to war can be stated as the social and economic benefit which could have been derived from the investments in socio-economic projects. 2. Law of Supply and Demand The issue of downsizing has been recurring in the episodes of the TV show. It should be noted that downsizing stems from the fact that the supply of labor in the economy is much higher than the actual demand requiring some adjustments through employee lay-offs. The same issue is faced by employees in the nation. The trade liberalization has eliminated national boundaries facilitating the mobility of job and investments. Business process outsourcing has become a trend channeling jobs to other countries where the cost of labor is lower like China, India, and Philippines thereby lowering the demand for labor in the United States. Recently, the customer service department of large business organizations like Dell, HP, and IBM has been deployed in these countries lowering the demand for US labor. This movement in demand changes the equilibrium by decreasing supply through downsizing. Works Cited "About the Office." NBC Website. 2007. April 18, 2007 "The Office." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 2007. April 18, 2007 "Opportunity Costs." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 2007. April 18, 2007